Radiographic Testing (RT) Level I & II

Radiographic Testing (RT) Level I & II Course

The Radiographic Testing (RT) Level I & II Course is designed to provide participants with in-depth knowledge and practical skills in using radiographic testing, one of the most widely used non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. RT uses X-rays or gamma rays to inspect the internal structure of materials, such as welds, castings, and components, for flaws or defects without damaging the object. The course is split into Level I and Level II, offering a progression from basic understanding to advanced techniques, data interpretation, and reporting.

Course Objectives:

Level I:

• Understand the basic principles of radiographic testing.
• Learn to set up radiographic equipment and perform basic radiographic inspections under supervision.
• Acquire knowledge about different types of radiation sources, exposure techniques, and image interpretation.
• Develop the ability to perform RT inspections following written instructions and with oversight from Level II or Level III personnel.

Level II:

• Gain proficiency in advanced radiographic techniques, including exposure calculations, and image quality analysis.
• Be able to interpret radiographic images to detect internal flaws like cracks, porosity, and inclusions.
• Learn to select appropriate film, equipment, and settings for different testing scenarios.
• Be qualified to supervise Level I inspectors, independently conduct RT inspections, and prepare detailed inspection reports.

Key Components of the Course:

1- Introduction to Radiographic Testing (RT)

• Overview of radiographic testing and its application in various industries such as oil and gas, aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing.
• Explanation of X-ray and gamma ray principles and how they interact with materials.
• Differences between X-ray and gamma-ray sources:
  • X-rays: Produced by X-ray machines, typically used for thinner materials and detailed inspections.
  • Gamma rays: Emitted from radioactive isotopes like Iridium-192 or Cobalt-60, suitable for thicker materials.

2- Radiographic Testing Equipment and Radiation Sources

• Radiation Sources:
  • X-ray generators and gamma-ray isotopes.
  • Understanding half-life, penetration power, and the material thickness limits for each source.
• Radiographic Film: Types of film, film processing techniques, and the effect of exposure settings on image quality.
• Digital Radiography (DR): Introduction to newer techniques using digital imaging technology in place of film.

3- Exposure Techniques and Geometric Factors

• Key factors in exposure:
  • Source-to-object distance (SOD).
  • Exposure time and radiation intensity.
  • Geometric un-sharpness: Ensuring that the image has sharp edges and proper definition.
• Penetration of Radiation: How material thickness, density, and type affect radiation transmission and image formation.
• Techniques for obtaining the best contrast and sensitivity in images.

4- Types of Discontinuities and Defects Detected by RT

• Detection of internal defects in welds and materials:
  • Porosity: Gas-filled voids within welds.
  • Cracks: Longitudinal, transverse, and underbead cracks.
  • Inclusions: Foreign materials like slag trapped in the weld metal.
  • Lack of fusion: Incomplete joining of base metal and weld metal.
  • Corrosion and Erosion: Thickness reduction of materials.

5- Image Interpretation and Defect Analysis (Level II)

• How to interpret radiographs (RT films) to identify internal flaws and discontinuities:
  • Image quality indicators (IQI): How to assess the sharpness, contrast, and clarity of the radiograph.
  • Differentiating between false indications (caused by processing errors) and actual material defects.
• Identifying the location, size, and type of flaw from the radiograph.
• Film density measurements and their importance in determining image quality.

6- Radiographic Techniques and Methods

• Single-wall vs. double-wall techniques: Choosing the right technique for different material geometries.
• Panoramic exposures: For circular objects such as pipelines.
• Stereo radiography: Using multiple angles for more accurate defect detection.
• Real-time radiography (RTR) and digital radiography for faster image processing and review.

7- Safety in Radiographic Testing

• Radiation protection: Understanding the dangers of ionizing radiation and how to minimize exposure.
  • ALARA Principle: Keeping radiation exposure “As Low As Reasonably Achievable”.
  • Use of dosimeters, lead shielding, and safe operating practices to protect personnel.
• Radiation safety regulations: Following industry standards like those from OSHA, NRC, and local regulatory bodies for radiation safety.

8- Radiographic Testing Standards and Codes

• Standards and codes used in radiographic testing, including:
  • ASME Section V: Nondestructive testing standards.
  • API 1104: Radiographic testing standards for pipeline welding.
  • ISO 17636: Radiographic examination of welds.
  • ASTM E94: Standard guide for radiographic testing.

9- Reporting and Documentation (Level II)

• Writing detailed inspection reports with information on exposure setup, radiographs taken, interpretation of results, and recommended actions.
• Documentation requirements: Maintaining records of radiographs, equipment calibration, and radiation exposure reports.
• Preparing detailed assessments of material or weld integrity based on RT findings.

10- Practical Applications and Hands-On Training

• For both Level I and Level II, significant hands-on training is provided to ensure proficiency in real-world applications.
• Use of radiographic equipment to inspect test pieces, capture images, and process radiographs.
• Training in image interpretation through practical exercises with real radiographs, defect identification, and flaw classification.

Target Audience:

• NDT Technicians: Individuals seeking to specialize in radiographic testing for materials and weld inspection.
• Weld Inspectors: Those responsible for ensuring weld quality in critical applications.
• Quality Control Inspectors: Personnel involved in the evaluation and testing of material integrity.
• Radiation Safety Officers: Those overseeing the safe handling of radiation sources in the workplace.
• Engineers and Supervisors: Individuals who supervise RT inspections and need to interpret results for maintenance or repair decisions.

Certification:

• Level I Certification: Upon completion of Level I training and practical exams, participants are certified to perform RT inspections under supervision.
• Level II Certification: After completing Level II, participants can independently carry out RT inspections, interpret results, supervise Level I personnel, and prepare detailed inspection reports.